Moreover, Egypt’s official unemployment rate reached 13.3% of the country’s labor force in the second quarter of 2013, with 74% of job seekers aged between 15 and 29 years old (CAPMAS, Egypt in Figures, 2013). The 2015 Global Gender Gap Index, which measures disparities between men and women across countries, ranks Egypt at 136 out of 145 countries worldwide. Egypt's Gender Inequality Index (GII) attributes the decrease in human development to ine-quality between women and men in reproductive health, empowerment, and economic activi-1 Columbia, Indonesia, Viet Nam, Egypt, Turkey and South Africa Lower Middle Income (US$1006 -3975) Population growth (%) 1.75 GDP (US$ billions) 160.26 ���xt�A~������j�l��]?K�K endstream endobj 1215 0 obj <>stream 1226 0 obj <>stream The report is based on four main pillars: economic participation and opportunity, education, health, and political empowerment. These increases have been framed as a reward for Egyptians’ endurance of austerity during the reforms … Continued x��k(�[��6r���mM���0����Pj��?�P���B��&��cNi+�������O2Cȭ܆��$�l�r�cw�Y���;��۷s��c����z�Dzֻ�o_]q4#�H���� p9\���� p9\���� p9\���� p9\���� p9\��ihh���9991t F'���Cr��⢡c1.9���666���9�C�����⢜6 gii����B���%!������29;;;���NNN��xxxlnn:(c�����ё����c��+grr��������۷r������������������^3==M�xqq144�������_�|�+T�������?o���~��Ŗ�Xr�Ipp�D ������P�bJJ There is currently no law that specifically prohibits domestic violence. It underlies one of the guiding principles of the 2030 Agenda for Development – the concept of 'leaving no one behind'. Z� ����uǿ�]���1��G����2.M��C�p߉�x��u��5��E�ϪYBV7�|���'.9Ir,%���H�ZJ�K�FJd�,"Z)1m3+:!�E�Q�R`��%� zN���D1���!������N�t�a�"��z"Ԣ�N���J�0���F&|�B=�E$!=�#�B/2 ��GjF� ���^�%��>[�6�&/\�������xݕ�D�VV�Aϲ��Ɣ&���e^�w���!u���;�xz��:��I�R{�P� The first stated that gender-based violence costs Egypt up to $693 million (Dh2.54bn) a year. The Human inequality coefficient for Egypt is equal to 28.7 percent (see Table C). These numbers might be unsurprising quoted in a critical report by an international NGO, but this time, they come from Egypt’s state statistics agency. Comparative and International Education (A Diversity of Voices), vol 1. Egypt’s president recently announced a 67% rise in the minimum wage to 2,000 Egyptian pounds ($115.74) per month from 1,200 ($69.27). 0 <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Megahed N., Lack S. (2013) Women’s Rights and Gender-Educational Inequality in Egypt and Tunisia. stream Rape is a crime, but marital rape is not.12 Gender inequality is especially visible in the Arab world. endobj endstream endobj 1216 0 obj <>stream 0.497, a loss of 29.7 percent due to inequality in the distribution of the HDI dimension indices. ����a�,'P����bt�R�ey�nϘ�*���Z����&�7����[��P�̛j�&0%�J˹�͠s�M�����W/�Us��E} �o�/w/��D%��1� >c�4V�A� �]~�e�Ⱦ>���&��DF�A� This would place Egypt lower on the list than Oman and Saudi Arabia. 3 0 obj According to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), gender inequality is the loss in potential human development that occurs due to differences between the genders in achievements with respect to health, empowerment, and labor market participation. ���+١�����>["�r�t���m����D�gsjڼ��-f9���~~~d�Prhl���M��B�loo;88��ݻwO�-f9@VV�������!۴��9::R̈́���ȠzknnfNG����y�H�P������KKK#""$�`����biiI����Y^^�������9 И>���� �l� �s��R�M��Ԕ�D�-R���Ԅ����/$^^^���'�h|5C>-��j&::��f���β�%�`dd$)) 2*;;���ă����\�:��훛�TFT� ���;sT�������;�*A�J^^u���E___KKKkk+|���S������[e�����g �tĕ���� R�\.�à�у�����W׃���Pվ����Q�|�����Xc�������Dʉ��>�~.J,8C?��޵��pdV�j||�:���G��,,,������d���������0��������\��u�@9�?�A��/b�Q��tttܽ{��f***� They attend meetings together and are involved in the same work-related issues. endstream endobj 1214 0 obj <>stream Abstract This study presents an analysis of various facets of inequality in Egypt using a political economy approach to understand how inequalities are reproduced in the Egyptian economy. and Inequality in Egypt Equal Rights Trust On 25 January 2011, revolution erupted in Egypt. Rural women or women in in Lower Egypt report a higher rate of spousal violence than the others. Spring gender inequality in Egypt is “Gender Quality in a Time of Change: Gender Mainstreaming after Egypt’s Arab Spring” by Farah Gaman Shash and Carie L. Forde. View Videos or join the Gender Inequality in Egypt discussion. h�bbd``b`��@�) D��Ď �@�#�'H #��_�� � ���� m�CBBt*'55��6�>}bˋ�Y���� �4�;903�O��[R�r $2HM�lS���S��Q_�ْ�0u9��Ô������1u9���d�fff�7fLZNgg'5m^�|ɖ�FLZ�Ç�na����;[:1]9P�Q��͛7l�h�D圞�R%����ϟ?�rцXr 6HP[c��TVVRӦ���-f9T� r�- Egypt cited Shari’a as the legal basis governing marital relations in Egypt (CEDAW, 2010: 74). [1] These indicators suggest strong gender-based disparities in areas of reproductive health, economic functioning, and overall empowerment. Egypt ranked 77 out of 80 countries on the Gender Empowerment Measure with a GEM value of 0.274 where the percentage of women in decision-making was 9% in technical and professional positions and the ratio of estimated female to male earned income was 0.26. “Honour killings” still occur in Egypt and despite reforms to eliminate discriminatory laws the penal code still allows lenient sentences to men convicted of crimes of ”honour”. One notable exception is the The International Men and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES) is a comprehensive study on men’s attitudes and practices – along with women’s opinions and reports of men’s practices – on a wide variety of topics related to gender equality and women empowerment. Problems with terminology Several words used in gender studies have more than one meaning in contemporary English. x��=�rܶ���?�q�E䩔�,+����d��Cr(�#i�5TFT��߾ �Ĩd\WI�D7��~�n7�lڋ!����.��ޞ��������/w��_ګ�m;��۷�>��臾���qvr�>����"/�_]�Yٔ��Y�E��l׽~�?˶�_�|z���""/t�i���.2��F�u��"7��B�5��=t�]�]m�~|�귕X�#��o�_}=���W 0PE�kb@�-�����y-u��\�)Q˾��}������������4+��{���V���~]��L�� L�����n�G��]W���H}� B��A�ݟ���\}^����U��p7d��cw����n��\x-�]�cYJ\ 0��'6�"�$�L��+$��[�#&뼘#� ��z�W]��x��5��X�~� ��~���j�wx��Mn[ш\���}��d�D�)R��tۦ'I���`+��&�(`�j�^#���'o]CS�h�0ח�.s���k�}�j��{����d�-�B��J�esh��`���a]S5u^}o�#VW�Es���!���Y�+X�W�0��~-J�j��z���~���_��@����s�V�����tI]\w�^�~ ����X�]�i��*�U��^�� These differences in achievements typically favor men. These indicators suggest strong gender-based disparities in areas of reproductive health, economic functioning, and overall empowerment. Since gender inequality and women‘s disempowerment occur in all the different domains in which women and men interact and function, both concepts are multi-dimensional; consequently, they give rise to a large number of potential indicators. The major obstacles to decreasing gender inequality in Egypt are related to economic participation and opportunity, education, health and political empowerment. Nowadays, women and men work side by side. h�b```���A�X�����a�4ټ�qI�u� g�O�د2?g�,;W�����4�{Ȟ���Lk��Z��!e߆+�|D�ہ��J�������˶�O��}�lw� ^a�9&��]$O�(�%�J�%!l���P�]�\��^��^��T������ ���d�w40T�1����;�A�u��;��h� IB�BMr�� ��کN@���&�H�18F�ĉ!����1A_B"����C���Ӯ��`U!g�in��@�����Jd��o s� ��� %���� %PDF-1.7 One of the cultures that went against the grain of gender inequality is the Lacedaemon society. According to the 2014 Demographic and Health Survey, 92 percent of women interviewed between the ages of 15 and 49 had experienced female genital mutilation. In addition, this year’s report examines gender gap prospects in the professions of the future. endstream endobj 1211 0 obj <>/Metadata 95 0 R/Pages 1208 0 R/StructTreeRoot 151 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 1212 0 obj <>/MediaBox[0 0 595.32 841.92]/Parent 1208 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 1213 0 obj <>stream Egypt has ranked 136 out of 145 countries in gender equality, ranking lower than Oman and Saudi Arabia, garnering the unenviable position of being among the 10 worst countries for gender equality in the world, according to the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report 2015released on Sunday. %PDF-1.5 %���� He also promised state employees a wage rise of 7% plus a one-off bonus of 150 Egyptian pounds. <> The average loss due to inequality for high HDI countries is 17.9 percent and for Arab States it is 24.7 percent. Get Gender Inequality in Egypt essential facts below. Protection from gender-based violence. State actors have contin- Introduction . Gender inequality or gender stratification is the unequal treatment between individuals according to their gender. h��S_k�0�*�ʝ$˲����m��J�T8���:�o?�d���=�Cw�����YHQ �����S���,H�u�(0e�BЈ$K�%���|ħ�?�>�>9�?�/o�Ý�X\0V�+ZdT�εJ�X���ͻ�C� \��W��{Fx��F endobj x����K�@����1y�dg�7��V�('x�7�!h��ԫ����6�A��f(�nJ�����r�iW��}''�m����ܖ���]�x{���j�j�v�nNOaz6��b�2�x�T�x�6��O������x�`�} �R{&��-�R{���j)��N݂D킥�����e¥����2����!9� �p��t��Z��a׽#9jT"�Z���;�$H�{�:as�ݳ����S�q1�e��\�v'j� u7@2��(w�9��Z�)n&���k|Ͷ�S{��S�zV�� In 2017, the UNDP's Gender Inequality Index (GII) rated Egypt 115th out of 189 countries, with an overall value of 0.449, where a score of zero represents perfect gender parity according to the metrics used. $M�f�5o�A,O3F�lw��yrt��y! !��d2X癳('11�3�y���m��ა�ȁ%T=���������������l;;;���Z]TT�N%%%/^��F���Qn�����L�SXXH�������ENqq15 Under Shari’a, women are entitled the same rights as men to enter into marriage, and marriages are not to be registered in the absence of the spouses consent (CEDAW, 2010: 75). Status Inequality of Ancient Egypt We started touching on this in class today, but the concept of social inequality between “upper” and “lower” classes of individuals is a massively recurring theme when you examine any sort of ancient statedom. u���֝;wT �R�?�6������GGǃ����ˁ��={�Gɒ?�z���TXYY�XXX���Rm�䔖�2�&Pl��=�m��_������P�J@����&! 2 0 obj x���1 ��/�Rx H�����z�^����z�^����z�^����z�^�����ۯc{ Add Gender Inequality in Egypt to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media. Here, the researchers conducted in-depth interviews to analyze how gender mainstreaming was implemented in Egypt after the Arab Spring. %%EOF endstream endobj startxref x��Z�n�8}��T�4 @.N�nڦ��E��M����M���;C�6)����a]صd��s�Iex��L�doox�XL���~'W�����p�x?^Lng�d1�W������O/r�sw��% �jR5������Mn�\��9�ol%5�ol�Ƈc�u" d|��Ý'��*b9�B�1�1r���;Wɿ��ݝ�x а*JC�3�ʎ��濪E�����2�\������>E#gI�I>ُǜ��'ޚ��� McTʠ��o�)ɨ� I MH��6ٴ܆ݼRV��Y�Z�"�G�@2Km8=o��~US�:�Rf�R��c��@Js�mr����2�!�F��R]j���JP���tw��+RaC �V��,��ڔp�k�a��tf7�6?��Z����B�[���#bBŖ&�?��'���|��ߥ2D0KFP�K*�N.r�Mn�A�M�S. The second that the country’s population has increased by 1 million in the past six months alone. <>/Metadata 1043 0 R/ViewerPreferences 1044 0 R>> Two recent introductions to gender in archaeology: Gilchrist 1999 Sørensen 2000 . This paper will particularly discuss the problem of gender inequality in Egypt. Egypt spent around LE33 billion ($4.8 billion) on imports in the first eight months of 2013. Women’s Situation in Egypt Violence and sexual harassment against women is a serious social problem in Egypt. The challenges and rights violations facing women and girls in the Arab region are many, including low political and economic participation, violence and discrimination grounded in deep- rooted inequalities and established systems of patriarchy. 1210 0 obj <> endobj After decades of political ... gender, sexual orientation and other characteristics, and has adopted new laws which discriminate on the basis of political opinion and other grounds. 1 0 obj Athens solidified the gender inequality between men and women, and it lasted through pre-modern, modern, and post-modern eras. Gender in Ancient Egypt . ��3��YZ��K9i\2�?\x�pc%}rT�r� �y�W�^��@ӝ3����]"���ܕM���)��*�f*J��k�V�\]߀�GG-C}����+0����kV���t�MP�G��U���5ڜ��r���P�R��{rXw_�}�c�� `'0O��67�"��!#�׀��l3dA�B�+0:>������Nl1x(��`�Y��D+%�7d�M�2'tFi� �sJcC�lK\�W��UE�5��êr��c�x�2�!�8�d�*ྀ���tu�O���2����X�O1Lf��5d����$r^"�1s���W����)�� �����5JÜ��e�W�:���F�x=��ؔo���:�A�������r5�r���������/���p�W 1M۽��`{ξ@��K����F���t��㿲�M��n�_���Ƒd�# endstream endobj 1 0 obj <>/MediaBox[0 0 595.32 841.92]/Parent 1208 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 1/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 2 0 obj <>stream Title: Microsoft Word - Dina_No._4_ Author: Rania1 Created Date: 2/16/2010 1:30:35 PM The degree of inequality of opportunity did not differ significantly by gender or rural–urban area, although the incidence was lower for men and for rural areas. [?_s����}�888|��Q����p9J�$~�� ��%...���w�K��o߾544�94##���JwS)i4"���\���� p9\���� p9\���� p9\���� p9\���� p9\���� p9\� � ��/�! 4 0 obj Egypt ranks low in gender equity compared to other countries worldwide. Assessment of laws affecting gender equality and protection against gender-based violence Egypt TABLE OF CONTENTS Glossary of Acronyms and Terms 1 Introduction 5 Overview 8 Protection from domestic violence and sexual violence 13 Honour crimes 15 Adultery and sex outside of marriage 15 1217 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<8C14CE1D41770C45BEEBF58D6601569F><1AB2DD97AB569E48B2328202119B51AF>]/Index[1210 17]/Info 1209 0 R/Length 55/Prev 598154/Root 1211 0 R/Size 1227/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream A certain number of women are subjected to sexual harassment in public spaces such as The results indicate an increase in inequality of opportunity across age groups, but there is some evidence that opportunity differentials have been declining for the oldest generation. ��SS�,������d0�/����ܜ���N��zNM���@��H�嬬���� Because the society was more inclined to equality between genders, the laws were more predisposed to be fairer towards women. Now in its 14th year, the Global Gender Gap Report 2020 benchmarks 153 countries on their progress towards gender parity in four dimensions: Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival and Political Empowerment. SڞkF}P3*�'U�և��`lw�S+��0����\���\�b��N)�x��@���)��>a�����4yg�'���. "�ޢ��޳��h%(�;ʒ���k���Pkj��(ܯ,g �l�������wE�����G ����ñ�G�U���DI|]�F $��0 " �>�z���������#e�� 6�����W��q�)jl�{�E��i���9��yB�h����)E � �@v�k�t�ؾR��'���t�V�_��.�@'�MD)�d���R��!�:��^���n6�K aHsa��E�هӏ?��3�կ"�AU�f][\�8� ���T�&�U{�T�룧���O4Q3^�,B[��c�I��t]b�q���f�?������1c�,��%�w�5rfjR"���5\ �����i�E5� ����὚�ZC4CP3�P-$���D(�|X��"�P�V֤�����P)�ޒ��4j@�;Y��^R}؎�a�H ����(����ew~��sm ��=^���V}�M3"�����Um}p@���{�֠>�s*B������#ԓ*�\Iߜ|��ϱ@�i�x1��3�4�|�5h�GE yn@�"T�"&&�|2&��0� t�%�[�9&��u!�.�1%^�+��p�F��7�e�M����Δs��袾Y�l�s^��{�_q��ʻf�~��:*n��j�f��M?���� ��Hӿ@��đ��n>���k�C�����C.�.������7K��#� �OG� an increase in local production. In 2017, the UNDP's Gender Inequality Index (GII) rated Egypt 115th out of 189 countries, with an overall value of 0.449, where a score of zero represents perfect gender parity according to the metrics used. <> In: Napier D.B., Majhanovich S. (eds) Education, Dominance and Identity. First of all, I would like to focus my discussion about how women suffer daily from being harassed in Egypt. The World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report for 2015 ranked Egypt 136 out of 145 countries for gender inequality. However, and in spite of all their achievements, gender inequality at the workplace is still hard to break. Gender equality, centered in human rights, is both a development goal on its own and a critical factor for achieving sustainable development. endobj
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