[24] Women constitute around 52 percent of Nepal's total population and around 75 to 80 percent of women are engaged in agriculture as their primary occupation. Gender Inequality Index. The database is updated four times a year (April, July, September, and December). ", "Securing Women's Land and Property Rights in Nepal", "Unpaid Work, Poverty and Women's Rights", "In Nepal, young girls are being married off simply so they can eat", "Education and School Infrastructure | Nepal Earthquake Case Studies", "Women's position within the household as a determinant of maternal health care use in Nepal", "Major problems and key issues in Maternal Health in Nepal", "NEONATAL MORTALITY AND MATERNAL HEALTH CARE IN NEPAL: SEARCHING FOR PATTERNS OF ASSOCIATION", "The impact of including husbands in antenatal health education services on maternal health practices in urban Nepal: results from a randomized controlled trial", "Sex selection leads to dangerous gender imbalance; new programme to tackle root causes | UNFPA – United Nations Population Fund", "Maternal Mortality in Nepal: Addressing the Issue", "Ending Impunity for Child Marriage in Nepal", "Suffering in silence: consequences of sexual violence within marriage among young women in Nepal", "Women and the subsistence sector. [49] Many women in Nepal hold the view that it is in their dharma, their religion, moral duty and universal law, to be obedient, respectful, and pleasing to their husbands. [31][33] Although literacy rates are increasing, men's literacy rates are still higher than women's due to unequal access to formal education and enrollment in schooling. [34], Traditionally, mothers-in-law act as primary caretakers of pregnant women. It was also the time of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), a series of ambitious goals set by UN member nations. [52] Nepal has the third highest rate of childhood marriage in Asia. [44][59], Dowry is a cultural tradition in which the family of the bride gives cash and gifts to the family of the groom for the purpose of supporting a new couple. ", "Nepal's Divisive New Constitution: An Existential Crisis", "Nepal's ethnic Madhesis fight for dignity and equality", "27 countries limit a woman's ability to pass citizenship to her child or spouse", "CA snubs proposal for gender friendly citizenship provisions", "Nepali women and statelessness | International IDEA", "Stateless in New Nepal: Inclusion without Citizenship is Impossible", "Gender, Jobs and Education Prospects and Realities in Nepal", "Gender and Agricultural Productivity in a Surplus Labor, Traditional Economy: Empirical Evidence from Nepal", "Analysis of Labour Market and Migration Trends in Nepal", "Do Women's Land Rights Promote Empowerment and Child Health in Nepal? [53] Disproportionately affecting women, 40 percent of marriages involve girls 15 years of age. [14], In regards to women, the constitution denies the ability for women to pass citizenship onto their children, but men have virtually no barriers to pass citizenship onto their children. [4] Nepal score for this index is 0.661, with 1 representing gender parity. [10] In December 2007, Nepal abolished the traditional monarchy and was declared a republic. It is now widely accepted that gender parity in education and employment is critical for economic growth and societal cohesion. [47] These differences may be due to the lower levels of education and higher levels of alcohol consumption among Tharu than amongst Brahmin/Chhetri men and women. [64] In order for a child born in Nepal to become a citizen, both parents must be citizens. [72] Most of girls, an estimated 5,000 to 10,000 of them each year, are trafficked to India. [14] The ratification of the constitution was fast-tracked in order to fulfill a decade old peace commitment and focus on reconstruction in response to the 2015 Nepal Earthquake. [49] Women from middle and richer class as well as women from orthodox Hindu communities are typically confined to domestic labor and thus have the least decision-making power. [66] These laws disproportionately affect women since there are 900,000 children of single mothers without citizenship in Nepal compared to 71,000 children of single fathers. [27] Because unpaid work is non-monetary and privatize labor in the household, it is difficult to quantify the economic contribution of such work; thus, unpaid work is typically seen as less valuable than paid labor. [71] The earthquake in 2015 increased the risk for human trafficking due to increased vulnerability and a lack of security. [63], 4.3 million people in Nepal are considered to be stateless. Out of the total paid employees in Nepal, only 22 percent are women. [35] When medical professionals are available, Nepali husbands may be reluctant to send their wives for medical services when only a male doctor is available. [25] Regardless, only a fraction of these women are paid and the rest are self-employed by working on their families' subsistence farms. [21][28] To prepare for their responsibilities after marriage, sons are then more likely to be sent to school in order to earn money for the future and daughters stay at home to perform housework. [6], Recent political conflict in Nepal, known as the People's War from 1996 to 2006, was initiated by the Maoist Communist Party, the CPN-M, in opposition of the monarchy. The Gender Data Portal is the World Bank Group’s comprehensive source for the latest sex-disaggregated data and gender statistics covering demography, education, health, access to economic opportunities, public life and decision-making, and agency. State No. [56] Thus, young girls are perceived to be a burden for their parents and sons are expected to take care of their parents in old age. [21] Only 8.3 percent of women in the labor force are paid. Gender Inequality Index (GII) n.a. [48] The patriarchal family structure and religious values explain the unequal decision-making power between men and women in the household. [50] Remote, poor and rural women experience more autonomy in household decision-making because of their involvement in income generating activities, adding a significant contribution to family income. [23], Although workforce participation for women is low due to religious and traditional values, more women are entering the workforce because of improvements in education, later marriages, declining fertility rates, shifts in cultural attitudes toward women and economic needs. [29][31][33] Literacy rates decrease as age increases for both genders because more Nepali youth are attending school today than in the decade prior. [71], The consequences of trafficking affects victims' physical, emotional and mental health. [30] Studies show that caste stratification reflects education attainment. [24] Although distribution of land is different between caste and ethnic groups, the overall social norm is for women to not own land. [23] Women represent around 12 percent of the population engage in migrant labor to places like the Gulf and Malaysia. Sometimes, the family members of the accused are also assaulted. Gender inequality is defined as unequal treatment and opportunities due to perceived differences based solely on issues of gender. [34][35] Expenditures for health care are often in the hands of men or older females, which may prevent younger women from seeking care for their own health problems. [7] Additional factors contributing to political conflict at this time were economic stagnation, high unemployment, poor education, impoverishment, continuing discrimination and an increasing gap between the elite and the rest of the country. "[8], The opposition became an insurgent movement, causing an armed conflict. [47] Although sexual violence within marriage is illegal, local police and law agencies are still unaware that such laws exist. [54][57] Serious health consequences from child marriage include early pregnancy and pregnancy complications. [29] Families are also more likely to enroll sons in private schools and enroll daughters in public schools. [26] On average, women spend four hours a day performing unpaid work, while men spend less than an hour. The Global Gender Gap Index 2015 ranks 145 economies according to how well they are leveraging their female talent pool, based on economic, educational, health-based and political indicators. [72] Men, women and children experience human trafficking and UNODC Global Report in Trafficking 2012 estimates that child victims, below age of 16 years, accounted for 36 percent of all trafficking victims in Nepal. 2, with a population of 5.4 million, and state No, 6, with a population of 1.5 million, will each have equal representation of eight seats. [11] When elections were help in April 2008, this was the first vote in Nepal for over nine years. The report covers all 35 OECD countries and a number of partner countries (Argentina, Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, India, Indonesia, Lithuania, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia and South Africa). [7] The CPN-M submitted a 40-point set of demands to the government in 1996, with one demand specifically calling for the equality of women: "Patriarchal exploitation and discrimination against women should be stopped. [43], Nepal has a high incidence of adolescent pregnancy: 40 percent of married girls ages 15–19 have already given birth to at least one child. [24] While men are increasingly moving into nonagricultural work or migrating to urban areas or outside of Nepal for employment, women are taking over agricultural activities traditional shared between men and women. [70][71] In Nepal, victims are commonly trafficked from rural areas to the urban centers. [30] In addition, children from lower-castes are more likely to drop out of school than children from higher-castes. [28], Although the 2015 Constitution of Nepal outlaws child marriage as a punishable offense, marriage without consent is not clearly prohibit and many families find loopholes around the law. [37] However, women describe feeling more comfortable in discussing their emotional and physical health with their husbands over their mothers-in-law. [36][42] Maternal mortality is also attributed to a lack of decision-making power, educational awareness, excessive physical labor and poor nutrition. [70] Trafficking for sexual exploitation is a highly profitable business that targets vulnerable populations. Int Conf AIDS :15. [25] Additionally, only 11 percent of women have effective control over their property. [51] Thus, contribution to family income creates more perceived equality between women and men as equal partners. A composite measure reflecting inequality in achievements between women and men in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment and the labour market. [21] Too much schooling for women can also result in less marriage opportunities. Introduction to Global Inequality. [17] A foreign spouse of a Nepali man can obtain Nepali citizenship soon after the marriage; however, there is no such provision for foreign spouses of Nepali women. [56] In addition, early marriage is desired for submissive wives since younger women are more likely to depend on their families. [24] Less than 10 percent of women own around 5 percent of land throughout Nepal. [21][40] Such gender bias leads to sex-selective abortions, prompting gender inequality and discrimination before birth. Background: UN Women, grounded in the vision of equality enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, works for the elimination of discrimination against women and girls; the empowerment of women; and the achievement of equality between women and men as partners and beneficiaries of development, human rights, humanitarian action and peace and security. 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