He then became the Prime Minister of the provisional government. - Nicholas II crowned Tzar of Russia in 1894. The October Revolution is perhaps the most-famous of the two, partly because of its significance in marking the birth of the world’s first socialist state, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). All these events became stages leading to the extensive Civil war which broke out in the territory of Russia in the Summer of 1918. For several years before 1905 and especially after the humiliating Russo-Japanese War (1904–05), Believing that God had placed him in that position. The night before the coup, the unsuspecting Russians were going about their normal lives. The true power belonged to the Council of People’s Commissars, although the Bolsheviks claimed that all decisions were made in the name of the Soviets. Nicholas II was the Tsar of that time, yet he was not a very effective leader to Russia as he did not concentrate on his duties as a Tsar. All rights reserved. When an opponent once challenged Lenin’s policies, advocating the right to freedom of speech, Lenin’s responded by stating that ‘we are not going to commit suicide!’. Just before his death, he wrote a testament, which was, as Trotsky said ‘Lenin’s last advice on how to organise the party leadership.’ One particularly perceptive recommendation he made was that Stalin should be removed from his post within the party ‘to prevent a split’ from occurring; something we know is exactly what happened following his death. - So many people when to celebrate the crowning that over 1200 died due to crushing as there were it was so crowded. As it successfully brought down the Provisional Government, this revolution could be seen to be completing the tasks of February. Stalin also took actions which could be seen in contradiction to Marxism, such as the practice of ‘Socialism in One Country’, an idea he proposed in opposition to the Marxist concept of world revolution. Long term causes Citizens have no power. In his book, Ten Days That Shook the World, he described what he had eye-witnessed with great admiration for the Bolsheviks. Sergei Eisenstein was a famous Russian filmmaker who was commissioned by the Soviet government to make a film about the Russian Revolution. The state’s complete and utter control over all means of production can be seen most clearly in the policy’s effect on the peasantry, which had their grain seized mercilessly in the hope that it would be later repaid. Meanwhile, the other revolutionary parties were divided by the issue of whether to continue fighting Germany, which also worked in Lenin’s favour. The intervention by “the West” was not to relieve hunger in Soviet Russia, but it was to help the White forces defeat the communists. On the same night, the Bolsheviks took control of railway lines, along with other crucial locations in the city of Petrograd, effectively seizing the capital’s infrastructure. Before the 1917 revolution, Russia was ruled under a monarchy system with a Tsar. Cram.com makes it easy to get the grade you want! Even Lenin himself doubted that they could hold on to power. Whilst the NEP was mocked as the New Exploitation of the Proletariat, and the introduction of which invited criticism of Lenin by more ‘radical’ communists, it served its purpose in kick-starting the Russian economy, since, at this point, production had dropped lower than in the pre-revolutionary period. 7 Stages of the Revolution - The Russian Revolution (Felix and Victoria) Before the Revolution. The groups fomenting it, the intellectuals promoting it, and the money financing it … These stages are explained in the following slides. Learn. Whatever the reasons, they became ever less of a threat as that of radical counter-revolutionaries grew. These efforts tried to depict it as an inexorable fact, not something that had to fight the odds. It could also be argued that before this point, the Bolsheviks had found themselves in the midst of situations either so dire or so important for any real rivalry to occur. Lenin comes back from Germany, gives up The war finally drew to a close and the Bolsheviks emerged ever stronger and more ruthless than before. A study of the stages of their development allows us to identify the features, trends and contradictions of agrarian transformations in one of the most crucial periods of the history of Russia, to get a more complete picture of the Great Russian Revolution as a whole. Sunday will mark the 98th anniversary of the Russian February Revolution, as a consequence of which the tsar was overthrown in a flurry of populism, eventually leading to the communist takeover the following October (November in the Gregorian calendar), and the rise of the world’s first socialist state. At 9.40 p.m., October 25, the Winter Palace was attacked, and quickly occupied, by the Bolsheviks. Whilst referred to as the Great October Socialist Revolution, it’s worth noting that the October Revolution was significantly less dramatic or symbolic than what one might imagine it to be. The result of this was a famine in which millions died, and the necessity for intervention by the west (the American Relief Administration was a significant contributor). In the Russian Revolution the stages are hidden in February and October Revolutions and the their Civil War. Learn more about the red bridge to world revolution. 1905; Disaster Military for Russia Call for constitution and reforms Bloody Sunday--killed people's faith and trust in Czar. Two revolutions make up what we know as the ‘1917 Russian Revolution’, one of which occurred in February, the other, in October. Hangings, shootings, and imprisonment were carried out upon the civilian population, in order to fight communism’s enemies before they would rise up against it. Watch it now, on The Great Courses Plus. February Revolution- Tsar booted out and Provisional Government is set up. Around 1891 Russia began to industrialize, becoming the 4th greatest producer of steel, behind Germany, the US, and Great Britain. The Bolshevik Red Guards easily and quietly took over several places like the train stations, telephone exchange, and the main bank. Much happened in the period after the February Revolution that would change Russia forever. Stage 5 Civil War Coming home from exile in April 1917, Vladimir Lenin believes that the people of Russia are ready to undergo another revolution, as he gave a speech that the Provisional Government had done nothing to help improve the people's lives. Russia was the last Absolute Monarchy in  Europe, and, stretching from the Baltic to the Chukchi Sea, the leadership of what Marx referred to ‘the chief of European reaction’ was struggling to maintain power over a steadily modernising population, growing ever more dissatisfied with conditions in the Russian Empire. Lenin was not noticeably power-obsessed, for example, he seeked to end racial antagonisms when Stalin is accused of promoting them (Stalin has been frequently accused of antisemitism), and he upheld liberal and progressive views when Stalin did not. As the historian Steve Smith said in ‘The Russian Revolution: A Very Short Introduction’, Stalinism ‘synthesized many elements of the Russian national tradition with Leninism, its character as a mobilizing party-state making it very much a creature of the 20th century.’. The Duma (Imperial War Museums, n.d.) Vladimir Lenin (Biography, 2015) Leon Trotsky (redrave, 2011) 1. It was drafted under Lenin, who had frequently criticised the Provisional Government’s refusal to do so, and thus, when he assumed power, had no choice but to do so himself. This is a transcript from the video series The Rise of Communism: From Marx to Lenin. The Russian Revolution in Nine Stages 1. You should make no mistake about that. Perhaps this wouldn’t have been the case if it weren’t for the greatest conflict of the twentieth century: World War One. ( Log Out /  For example, take a look at what Winston Churchill writes in “The Great War”, at the end of the volumes. The reign of the Tsars existed for over three centuries. The Anatomy of Revolution is a 1938 book by Crane Brinton outlining the "uniformities" of four major political revolutions: the English Revolution of the 1640s, the American, the French, and the 1917 Russian Revolution.Brinton notes how the revolutions followed a life-cycle from the Old Order to a moderate regime to a radical regime, to Thermidorian reaction. Réponse préférée. Another side to the revolution – the radical left -, was about to emerge. The Tsar wanted control the peasants, while the others fought for democracy. War, Women and Industrialisation: the Causes of the February Revolution. After all, the principles that drove Russia to revolution, also the underlying principles of Bolshevism, were not those of authority, order and obedience but freedom and equality. He was thrilled to outlast the Paris Commune, and when they finally did, he danced in the snow out of extreme delight. Stages of the Russian Revolution. Come the following morning, however, the new government which was to last up until Gorbachev’s leadership in the early 1990’s, would take its first breath. July 29, 2020. The Council of People’s Commissars, or Sovnarkom, had Trotsky as its commissar for foreign affairs, and Joseph Stalin, an obscure Georgian revolutionary, as its commissar for nationalities. Simultaneously, the industrialisation which took place throughout the Russian Empire may have served to Romanov’s disadvantage. In comparison, the White Army carried out the White Terror, yet since their members had to resort to the use of militarism alone, this consisted only of the brutality exemplified by their fighting forces. He believed that most revolutions fit into 7 stages. Russian Revolution of 1905, uprising that was instrumental in convincing Tsar Nicholas II to attempt the transformation of the Russian government from an autocracy into a constitutional monarchy. In November the elections that had been scheduled at the time of the provisional government were held, and the Bolsheviks only polled 24 percent of the votes. One reason for this was the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, which omitted the moderate socialists from government. The scenes of his film have been used as the visual references of the revolution. Anonyme. In addition, he composed his Symphony No. Soon, they established the Council of People’s Commissars with Lenin as its president. The dispirited defenders of the Winter Palace, mainly Women’s Death Battalion and the cadets, were easily disarmed, arrested, and defeated without much resistance. The palace was so easily occupied that only six people were killed. By Vejas Liulevicius, Ph.D., University of Tennessee, Knoxville After Lenin returned to Russia from Finland, he continued to work towards revolution. In fact it was partly the issue of war which worked to determine the government’s fate, which can be seen most clearly when it became known that Russia was promised the straits at the Black Sea’s mouth were she to be militarily victorious, sparking mass street protests. Central to the concept of Marxism is the idea of global revolution, and the Bolsheviks recognised this from the start. 2 réponses. There, he would write the April Theses, denouncing an alliance with the Provisional Government and insisting upon a second, socialist revolt, a demand which was to change the face of the revolutionary movement entirely.
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