With Kornilov defeated, the Bolsheviks' popularity in the soviets grew significantly, both in the central and local areas. the government shut down numerous newspapers and closed the city of Petrograd in an attempt to forestall the revolution; minor armed skirmishes broke out. Kerensky responded at approximately 3 p.m. that afternoon by ordering the raising of all but one of Petrograd's bridges, a tactic used by the government several months earlier during the July Days. Examples of these accidental and contingent factors they say precipitated the Revolution included World War I's timing, chance, and the poor leadership of Tsar Nicholas II as well as that of liberal and moderate socialists. The committee included armed workers, sailors, and soldiers, and assured the support or neutrality of the capital's garrison. Categories: Class 9th History. Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution Class 9 MCQs Questions with Answers. A new crisis in the Provisional Government began on 15 July. As the night progressed, crowds of insurgents surrounded the palace, and many infiltrated it. The Bolshevik Revolution or the October Revolution overthrew the provisional government and established the Soviet Union.. During this time, urban workers began to organize into councils (soviets) wherein revolutionaries criticized the provisional government and its actions. This chapter is a bit complex to understand for which students need beneficial study material. 2 in B major, Op. https://doi.org/10.1163/22102388-00900003, 1914-1918-online. These are disputed by various sources, such as Louise Bryant,[31] who claims that news outlets in the West at the time reported that the unfortunate loss of life occurred in Moscow, not Petrograd, and the number was much less than suggested above. Real wages fell to about 50% of what they had been in 1913. Go where you belong from now on — into the dustbin of history!"[38]. It continued to wage World War I, which became increasingly unpopular. Shortly thereafter, the government announced the immediate closure of not only Rabochiy put but also the left-wing Soldat, as well as the far-right newspapers Zhivoe slovo and Novaia Rus. [41] Over the following days, the battle against the anti-Bolsheviks continued. As for the "several shots in the air", there is little evidence suggesting otherwise. Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution Class 9 Notes Social Science History Chapter 2 CBSE Class 9 History Chapter 2 Notes Understanding the Lesson. On 1–4 May, about 100,000 workers and soldiers of Petrograd, and, after them, the workers and soldiers of other cities, led by the Bolsheviks, demonstrated under banners reading "Down with the war!" [7] Workers organized these strikes through factory committees. Railways and railway stations had been controlled by Soviet workers and soldiers for days, making rail travel to and from Petrograd impossible for Provisional Government officials. In what became known as the Kornilov affair, General Lavr Kornilov, who had been Commander-in-Chief since 18 July, with Kerensky's agreement directed an army under Aleksandr Krymov to march toward Petrograd to restore order. Most industry and banks were nationalised in November 1917. ), the Petrograd Soviet, led by Trotsky, voted to back a military uprising. The October Revolution marks the inception of the first communist government in Russia, and thus the first large-scale and constitutionally ordained socialist state in world history. At the beginning of the 20th century, the majority of Russian people worked in the: (a) Industrial sector ), the Cheka was created by Lenin's decree. The interim government was toppled, the Soviets seized power, and Russia later terminated the Triple Entente military alliance with France and Britain. The center and right wings of the Socialist Revolutionaries, as well as the Mensheviks, believed that Lenin and the Bolsheviks had illegally seized power and they walked out before the resolution was passed. Book an appointment now! The events were, according to these historians, logically predetermined because of the socio-economic development of Russia, where monopolistic industrial capitalism had alienated the masses. What followed was a series of sporadic clashes over control of the bridges, between Red Guard militias aligned with the Military-Revolutionary Committee and military units still loyal to the government. [54] According to Western historians, it was not popular support, but rather a manipulation of the masses, ruthlessness, and the party discipline of the Bolsheviks that enabled their triumph. [17] The Bolsheviks' influence over railroad and telegraph workers also proved vital in stopping the movement of troops. A rare photograph of the guards inside the Winter Palace, shortly before the October Revolution. Call our LearnNext Expert on 1800 419 1234 (tollfree) OR submit details below for a call back. [66] Thus, Stalinist totalitarianism developed as a natural progression from Leninism and the Bolshevik party's tactics and organization. [23], As Kerensky left Petrograd, Lenin wrote a proclamation To the Citizens of Russia, stating that the Provisional Government had been overthrown by the Military-Revolutionary Committee. NCERT Solutions for Class 9 History Chapter 2 – Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution lets the students discover the incidents that took place in the revolution and how socialism was brought to Europe. [63], During the Cold War, Western historiography of the October Revolution developed in direct response to the assertions of the Soviet view. [58], During the late Soviet period, the opening of select Soviet archives during glasnost sparked innovative research that broke away from some aspects of Marxism–Leninism, though the key features of the orthodox Soviet view remained intact. The First World War was over and Russia was still trying to recover from its effects. Over 42% of all the cases of destruction (usually burning down and seizing property from the landlord's estate) recorded between February and October occurred in October. Iarov explored the dwindling labor protests, evolving forms of debate, and varying forms of politicization as a result of the new Soviet rule from 1917 to 1920. In these riots, citizens seized food and resources from shop owners, who they believed to be charging unfair prices. Kerensky and the Provisional Government were virtually helpless to offer significant resistance. Lenin confidently claimed that there is "not a shadow of hesitation in the masses of Petrograd, Moscow and the rest of Russia" in accepting Bolshevik rule. Women played a very role in the February revolution while women had no role in the October revolution. At 8:00 p.m., 200 cossacks left the palace and returned to their barracks.[23]. Short Answer Questions. Из недр царского флота к Великому Октябрю". There were reports that the Provisional Government had not conceded defeat and were meeting with the army at the Front. [40] This eventually developed into major counter-revolutionary action, as on 30 October (O.S., 12 November, N.S.) The event inspired many cultural works, and ignited communist movements across Europe and globally. At approximately 5 p.m. the Military-Revolutionary Committee seized the Central Telegraph of Petrograd, giving the Bolsheviks control over communications through the city.[23][24]. hrithikhariprasad hrithikhariprasad 15.07.2018 Social Sciences Secondary School Explain October Revolution in Russia briefly for class 9. Kerensky's failure to assume authority over troops was described by John Reed as a "fatal blunder" that signaled the final end of his government. The October Revolution was a revolution in Russia that started on 1917 November 7 (October 25 o.s. Apart from being the largest Class 9 community, EduRev has the largest solved Question bank for Class 9. On 24 October (O.S. Led by Trotsky, the Military Revolutionary Committee was able to secure the support of the Petrograd Garrison and the Kronstadt sailors. [25], Later stories of the heroic "Storming of the Winter Palace" and "defense of the Winter Palace" were propaganda by Bolshevik publicists. The proclamation was sent by telegraph throughout Russia, even as the pro-Soviet soldiers were seizing important control centers throughout the city. It took place through an armed insurrection in Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg) on 25 October (Old Style, O.S.7 November, New Style or N.S.) The country faced the threat of financial bankruptcy. ; 6 November, N.S.) Available for CBSE, ICSE and State Board syllabus. In these months alone, more than a million workers took part in strikes. Vladimir Lenin, who had been living in exile in Switzerland, with other dissidents organized a plan to negotiate a passage for them through Germany, with whom Russia was then at war. The French Jacobin Terror was an example for the Soviet Bolsheviks. Russian Participation in the First World War. "[11], In a diplomatic note of 1 May, the minister of foreign affairs, Pavel Milyukov, expressed the Provisional Government's desire to continue the war against the Central Powers "to a victorious conclusion", arousing broad indignation. The Provisional Government was also unable to locate any serviceable vehicles. "The Revolution at One Hundred: Issues and Trends in the English Language Historiography of the Russian Revolution of 1917. As the Revolution was not universally recognized, the country descended into civil war, which would last until 1923 and ultimately lead to the creation of the Soviet Union in late 1922. [citation needed], Historical research into few events has been as influenced by the researcher's political outlook as that of the October Revolution. The material deeply explains about the first world war and the Russian empire. The committee methodically planned to occupy strategic locations through the city, almost without concealing their preparations: the Provisional Government's president Kerensky was himself aware of them; and some details, leaked by Lev Kamenev and Grigory Zinoviev, were published in newspapers. Socialism in Europe & Russian Revolution Class IX by Manish-May 27, 2019. [20], The Bolsheviks created a revolutionary military committee within the Petrograd soviet, led by the soviet's president, Trotsky. when Cossacks, welcomed by church bells, entered Tsarskoye Selo on the outskirts of Petrograd with Kerensky riding on a white horse. ; 23 October, N.S. 'The Mass Minority in Action: France and Russia'. The Constituent Assembly was to first meet on 28 November (O.S.) In the early morning, from its heavily guarded and picketed headquarters in Smolny Palace, the Military-Revolutionary Committee designated the last of the locations to be assaulted or seized. In September, the garrisons in Petrograd, Moscow, and other cities, the Northern and Western fronts, and the sailors of the Baltic Fleet declared through their elected representative body Tsentrobalt that they did not recognize the authority of the Provisional Government and would not carry out any of its commands. The events of the October Revolution helped lay the groundwork for Stalinism and the Cold War. This reenactment, watched by 100,000 spectators, provided the model for official films made later, which showed fierce fighting during the storming of the Winter Palace,[34] although, in reality, the Bolshevik insurgents had faced little opposition. Workers and soldiers occupied the last of the telegraph stations, cutting off the cabinet's communications with loyal military forces outside the city. The European powers recognized the Soviet Union in the early 1920s and began to engage in business with it after the New Economic Policy (NEP) was implemented. Mongol conquest • Vladimir-Suzdal The October Revolution, also ... Soviet historians generally described the Revolution as the product of class struggle and that it was the supreme event in a world history governed by historical laws. 1917, the Bolsheviks led their forces in the uprising in Petrograd (now St. Petersburg, then capital of Russia) against the Provisional Government. The Questions and Answers of What changes were introduced by bolsheviks in Russia after October revolution ? The rigidity of interpretive possibilities reached its height under Stalin. However, the provisional government was weak and riven by internal dissension. The October Revolution Revolutionary leader Leon Trotsky Related Links Russian Revolution: OriginsRussian Revolution: 1905 RevolutionRussian Revolution: February RevolutionWhy is the October Revolution celebrated in November? Service, Robert (1998). The left-wing Bolsheviks were deeply unhappy with the government, and began spreading calls for a military uprising. After the fall of Moscow, there was only minor public anti-Bolshevik sentiment, such as the newspaper Novaya Zhizn, which criticized the Bolsheviks' lack of manpower and organization in running their party, let alone a government. The Global Influence of the Russian Revolution and the USSR ‘India and the Contemporary World-I’ is an important book for Class 9 Social Science subject. The editors and contributors of these newspapers were seen to be calling for insurrection and were to be prosecuted on criminal charges. Communist parties would start to form in many countries after 1917. The Second Congress of Soviets consisted of 670 elected delegates: 300 were Bolshevik and nearly 100 were Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, who also supported the overthrow of the Alexander Kerensky government. By October 1917, Russia's national debt had risen to 50 billion rubles. Here we have given Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution Class 9 History Chapter 2 Notes. For example, the Ukrainian Rada, which had declared autonomy on 23 June 1917, created the Ukrainian People's Republic on 20 November, which was supported by the Ukrainian Congress of Soviets. Many of the initial Soviet interpreters of the Revolution were themselves Bolshevik revolutionaries. That same day, posters were pinned on walls and fences by the right-wing Socialist Revolutionaries, describing the takeover as a "crime against the motherland" and "revolution"; this signaled the next wave of anti-Bolshevik sentiment. As they exited, they were taunted by Trotsky who told them "You are pitiful isolated individuals; you are bankrupts; your role is played out. The February Revolution had overthrown the Tsarist autocracy, resulting in a provisional government. The chapter is all about European society and the Russian revolution. The October Revolution followed and capitalized on the February Revolution earlier in the year. The February revolution had broad support among the masses while the October revolution was supported only by the Bolsheviks. In this view, the Bolshevik party took the leading role in organizing these alienated industrial workers, and thereby established the construction of the first socialist state. CBSE Class 9 History Notes Chapter 2 – Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution PDF The Age of Social Change. Destruction of Democracy and reconstruction, You have alredy written a review for this video please wait for 30 days to write your next review. 8. On 7 July, the government ordered the arrest and trial of Vladimir Lenin, who was forced to go underground, as he had done under the Tsarist regime. This Revolution had a global and mass effect as many changes occurred in the lives of common people . From 1914 to 1917, almost 50% of healthy men were sent to war, and many were killed on the front, resulting in many females being head of the household. On 31 August, the Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies—and, on 5 September, the Moscow Soviet Workers Deputies—adopted the Bolshevik resolutions on the question of power. [53] After the initial wave of revolutionary narratives, Soviet historians worked within "narrow guidelines" defined by the Soviet government. At Kronstadt, sailors announced their allegiance to the Bolshevik insurrection. At first, the event was referred to as the "October Coup" (Октябрьский переворот) or the "Uprising of the 3rd," as seen in contemporary documents (for example, in the first editions of Lenin's complete works). [43], On 20 December 1917 (2 January 1918, N.S. The Bolsheviks won a majority in the soviets of Briansk, Samara, Saratov, Tsaritsyn, Minsk, Kiev, Tashkent, and other cities. In 1917, Russia endured two revolutions. This method of analysis focuses on the average person's experience of day-to-day life during the revolution, and pulls the analytical focus away from larger events, notable revolutionaries, and overarching claims about party views. Right-wingers felt betrayed, and the left-wing was resurgent. There was a nationwide crisis affecting social, economic, and political relations. In response to a Bolshevik appeal, Moscow's working class began a protest strike of 400,000 workers. 2 was first performed on 5 November 1927 by the Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra and the Academy Capella Choir under the direction of Nikolai Malko. Vladimir Lenin controlled the major parts of … On 31 October 1917 (13 November, N.S), the Bolsheviks gained control of Moscow after a week of bitter street-fighting. A map of the Soviet Union, with the star, sickle, and hammer that appeared on its flag. Disorder in industry and transport had intensified, and difficulties in obtaining provisions had increased. [59] In 2006, S. V. Iarov employed this methodology when he focused on citizen adjustment to the new Soviet system. We have received your request successfully. [26] At 6:15 p.m., a large group of artillery cadets abandoned the palace, taking their artillery with them. The Bolshevik Party is placed at the center of the Revolution, as it exposes the errors of both the moderate Provisional Government and the spurious "socialist" Mensheviks in the Petrograd Soviet. The Red Guard fought against cossacks at Tsarskoye Selo, with the cossacks breaking rank and fleeing, leaving their artillery behind. What is meant by the earth’s axis ? "Red October" was given to a steel factory that was made notable by the Battle of Stalingrad,[69] a Moscow sweets factory that is well known in Russia, and a fictional Soviet submarine in both Tom Clancy's 1984 novel The Hunt for Red October and the 1990 film adaptation of the same name. While the cabinet of the provisional government within the palace debated what action to take, the Bolsheviks issued an ultimatum to surrender. By 2:10 a.m. on 26 October, Bolshevik forces had gained control. For Russia, it was effectively the end of the war. Workers established control over production and distribution in many factories and plants in a social revolution. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. However, there was continued support for Kerensky in some of the provinces. The February Revolution had toppled Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and replaced his government with the Russian Provisional Government. The Symphony No. They then invaded the Winter Palace, where several government ministers were resident. Bolshevik Red Guards forces under the Military-Revolutionary Committee began the occupation of government buildings on 25 October (O.S. Page 28 Activity 1. The Petrograd Garrison and most of the city's military units joined the insurrection against the Provisional Government. The event is sometimes known as the "November Revolution", after the Soviet Union modernized its calendar. Colonial development reshaped ideas of societal change but everyone was not in favour of the complete transformation of society. The Bolshevik strongholds were in the cities, particularly Petrograd, with support much more mixed in rural areas. (ii) Land was declared social property and peasants were allowed to seize the land of the nobility. Posted by Manish Mr. Manish Kumar has been teaching Political Science to Class IX, X, XI and XII for last five years.He has completed his graduation from Moti Lal Nehru College, University of Delhi. On 5–6 July, attacks were made on the editorial offices and printing presses of Pravda and on the Palace of Kshesinskaya, where the Central Committee and the Petrograd Committee of the Bolsheviks were located. Download Complete PPT Here Download Complete PPT Here. The mass demonstrations resulted in a crisis for the Provisional Government. [39] The cabinet quickly passed the Decree on Peace and the Decree on Land. Their interpretation of the October Revolution as a violent coup organized by a proto-totalitarian party reinforced for them the idea that totalitarianism was an inherent part of Soviet history. [57] For them, the central actor is still the Bolshevik party, but this party triumphed "because it alone could solve the preponderance of 'general democratic' tasks the country faced" (such as the struggle for peace and the exploitation of landlords). , is an innovative after-school program that lets children have a personalized learning experience outside the domain of formal education system. Control of the factories was given to the soviets. In an attempt to intervene in the civil war after the Bolsheviks' separate peace with the Central Powers, the Allied Powers (the United Kingdom, France, Italy, the United States, and Japan) occupied parts of the Soviet Union for over two years before finally withdrawing. Reed died in 1920, shortly after the book was finished. While the disintegration essentially helped solidify the Western and Revisionist views, post-USSR Russian historians largely repudiated the former Soviet historical interpretation of the Revolution. While the seizure of the Winter Palace happened almost without resistance, Soviet historians and officials later tended to depict the event in dramatic and heroic terms. The Executive Committee of Peasants Soviets "[refuted] with indignation all participation of the organized peasantry in this criminal violation of the will of the working class". Question 2. Question 1. [65], Western historians saw the organization of the Bolshevik party as proto-totalitarian. On 16 October 1917, he convinced the Petrograd Soviet and the Bolshevik Party to agree to a socialist seizure of power. Historical Dictionary of Estonia, Rowman & Littlefield, 2015, p. 169, Raun, Toivo U. 1917. The provisional government had taken power after being proclaimed by Grand Duke Michael, Tsar Nicholas II's younger brother, who declined to take power after the Tsar stepped down.
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